Diarrhea, pneumonia, and malaria
15% of the reduction in under-five mortality between 2000 and 2017
Per IHME estimates
Quantitative modeling results
DECOMPOSITION METHOD
1% of the reduction in under-five mortality between 2000 and 2017 attributed to oral antibiotics, oral rehydration salts (ORS), zinc treatment, and artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs).
LIVES SAVED TOOL
35,000 lives saved and 22% of total lives saved from 2000 to 2016 attributed to oral antibiotics, ORS, zinc treatment, and ACTs (the majority attributed to antibiotics for pneumonia).
Vaccine preventable diseases – measles, lower respiratory infections (LRIs), and meningitis
37% of the reduction in under-five mortality between 2000 and 2017
Per IHME estimates
Quantitative modeling results
DECOMPOSITION METHOD
10% of the reduction in under-five mortality between 2000 and 2017 attributed to Measles, PCV, and Hib vaccination.
3% of the reduction in under-five mortality between 2000 and 2017 attributed to vitamin A and zinc deficiency.
LIVES SAVED TOOL
Measles, PCV, and Hib vaccination: 21,000 lives saved from 2000 to 2016.
Vitamin A supplements: 18,000 lives saved and 12% of total lives saved from 2000 to 2016 attributed to vitamin A supplementation and vitamin A treatment for measles.
HIV
<1% of the reduction in under-five mortality between 2000 and 2017
Per IHME estimates
Quantitative modeling results
DECOMPOSITION METHOD
<1% of the reduction in under-five mortality between 2000 and 2017 attributed to PMTCT/ART.
LIVES SAVED TOOL
350 lives saved and <1% of total lives saved from 2000 to 2016 attributed to PMTCT/ART.
Nutritional deficiencies
4% of the reduction in under-five mortality between 2000 and 2017
Per IHME estimates
Quantitative modeling results
DECOMPOSITION METHOD
15% of the reduction in under-five mortality between 2000 and 2017 attributed to changes in child growth failure and suboptimal breastfeeding.
LIVES SAVED TOOL
13,000 lives saved and 8% of total lives saved from 2000 to 2016 attributed to nutrition interventions.
Neonatal disorders
29% of the reduction in under-five mortality between 2000 and 2017
Per IHME estimates
Quantitative modeling results
DECOMPOSITION METHOD
4% of the reduction in under-five mortality between 2000 and 2017 attributed to reductions in low birth weight.
3% of the reduction in under-five mortality between 2000 and 2017 attributed to skilled birth attendance.
LIVES SAVED TOOL
56,000 lives saved and 35% of total lives saved from 2000 to 2016 attributed to neonatal and antenatal interventions.
Other factors
Quantitative modeling results
DECOMPOSITION METHOD
6% of overall reduction in under-five mortality between 2000 and 2017 is attributed to improvements in water, sanitation, hygiene, and air quality. Beyond the reductions attributed to interventions and aforementioned risk factors, an additional 27% of the reduction in under-5 mortality is attributed to risk factors from other communicable diseases, other non-communicable diseases, and other injuries.
LIVES SAVED TOOL
14,000 lives saved and 9% of total lives saved from 2000 to 2016 attributed to water, sanitation, and hygiene interventions.
The Lives Saved Model estimates a total of 160,000 lives saved and a reduction in under-5 mortality rate of 33%. The modeled results capture 58% of the observed decline in mortality as estimated by IGME. The additional estimated decline (per IGME estimates) could be attributed to other factors that are not measurable or that fall outside of direct health system interventions (e.g., women’s empowerment and economic development).
Contextual factors including conomic growth, improvements in gender equality and women's empowerment, education, and improvements in sanitation
The primary research findings suggest additional contextual factors and preconditions for success that contributed to under-5 mortality reductions in Nepal, which were outside of the health system interventions. These include economic growth, improvements in gender equality and women’s empowerment, education, and improvements in sanitation and infrastructure.