The primary research findings suggest additional contextual factors that contributed to U5M reductions in Bangladesh that were outside of the health system interventions. These include women’s empowerment; increased use of family planning and decreased fertility rates; improvements in water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH); and economic growth.
Abbreviations: ANC, antenatal care; ANC1, at least 1 ANC visit; ANC4+, at least 4 ANC visits; ARI, acute respiratory infection; ART, antiretroviral therapy; BINP, Bangladesh Integrated Nutrition Program; CB-IMCI, community-based Integrated Management of Childhood Illness; CoD, Cause of Death; CHW, community health worker; CKMC, community-based kangaroo mother care; CMAM, Community-Based Management of Severe Acute Malnutrition; DHS, Demographic and Health Survey; EPI, Expanded Programme on Immunization; DTP3, diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis; FB-IMCI, facility-based Integrated Management of Childhood Illness; Hib, Haemophilus influenzae type b; IMCI, Integrated Management of Childhood Illness; IRS, indoor residual spraying; ITN, insecticide-treated net; KI, key informant; KMC, kangaroo mother care; LBW, low birth weight; LLIN, long-lasting insecticidal net; M&E; monitoring and evaluation; MOHFW, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare; MIS, Management Information System; NNP, National Nutrition Program; NORP; National Oral Rehydration Project; ORS, oral rehydration salts; ORT, oral rehydration therapy; PCV, pneumococcal conjugate vaccine; PMTCT, prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV; ProjAHNMo I, Project for Advancing the Health of Newborns and Mothers; SIA, supplemental immunization activity; SPA, Service Provision Assessment; U5, under-five; U5M, under-five mortality; WASH, water, sanitation, and hygiene.