The Exemplars in COVID-19 conceptual framework outlines key factors that could help explain countries’ COVID-19 burden and outcomes. These key factors are divided into two categories: (1) contextual and system factors (i.e., demographic, geographic, or environmental) and (2) policies and interventions. Contextual and system factors cannot easily be influenced in the near term, whereas policies and interventions factors can.
Exemplars in COVID-19 conceptual framework for assessing epidemic preparedness and response
Contextual Factors
System Factors
Beyond policy interventions, other modifiable factors under the short-term control of countries and governments that can help shape countries’ pandemic outcomes (such as testing strategies, disease surveillance, laboratory capacities, contact tracing programs, case management, mobility restrictions, and surge response coordination), it is also important to consider preexisting system factors, such as the strength and structure of a country’s health care system and supply chains, in any analysis of a country’s COVID-19 preparedness and response.